A commercial dispute should be assessed by identifying the obligation, the evidence of performance and the remedy the business needs. An unpaid invoice may require a different procedure from a disagreement about defective goods, termination or a partnership arrangement. Lawyers in Dubai can help establish those differences before a demand is sent or proceedings begin.
Commercial litigation in the UAE involves the contract, the relevant legislation and the rules of the chosen forum. A useful strategy connects these elements with the client's objective, whether that is payment, continued performance, an agreed exit or enforcement against available assets.
Federal Decree Law No. 50 of 2022 governs commercial transactions within its scope. Article 2 recognises the parties' agreement subject to mandatory commercial provisions. Where the legislation and agreement leave an issue unresolved, commercial custom can matter, including relevant previous dealings. Civil rules apply where no commercial custom addresses the matter, subject to the principles of commercial activity. Public order and morals remain limits.
The new Civil Transactions Law, introduced by Federal Decree Law No. 25 of 2025, took effect on 1 June 2026. Article 4 addresses prospective application and preserves special legislation against displacement by a later general provision unless expressly provided otherwise. The dates and nature of the relevant acts therefore matter; a dispute arising today does not justify applying every new provision retrospectively.
Identify any specific legislation governing the transaction before relying on a general contract rule.
Collect the signed contract, incorporated terms, schedules, amendments and accepted purchase orders. Establish which company contracted and who had authority to make commitments on its behalf. A trading name, group relationship or common director should not substitute for identifying the actual obligor.
Article 113 of the current Civil Transactions Law recognises the binding force of contracts, while Article 221 requires performance in accordance with their terms and good faith. Obligations can also include consequences required by law, custom and the nature of the obligation.
Compare the agreed scope with what was delivered and accepted. Identify disputed variations, approvals and contractual conditions for payment. A signed completion certificate may be significant, but its wording and any recorded reservations still need examination. Present the relevant documents together so that a lawyer can assess the whole agreement.
A governing law clause and a forum clause answer different questions. The first concerns the law applied to the dispute; the second concerns where and how it will be determined. An arbitration clause also requires examination of its scope, the agreed seat and any incorporated procedural rules.
Under the federal Arbitration Law, the agreement must satisfy the writing requirement and be concluded by a person with the necessary capacity or authority. Article 8 requires a defendant relying on an arbitration agreement in court proceedings to raise that objection before making a substantive request or defence, subject to the provision's conditions. The clause should therefore be reviewed before a merits response is filed.
Dubai Courts and DIFC Courts have different jurisdictional frameworks. Article 14 of the DIFC Courts Law No. 2 of 2025 includes specified connections to the DIFC and express written agreements conferring jurisdiction. A business should not assume that every free zone dispute belongs in the DIFC Courts.
The DIFC Courts reported 117 Civil & Commercial Division claims in 2025, with a total claim value of AED 2.6 billion, in its 11 February 2026 service statistics announcement. These figures describe that Division’s workload and claim values, not all Dubai commercial disputes or sums successfully recovered. Jurisdiction still requires assessment for the particular agreement and claim.
Article 91 of the Commercial Transactions Law permits commercial obligations to be proved by all means, regardless of value, unless legislation or the agreement provides otherwise. That flexibility does not mean every document has equal weight or that authenticity can be ignored.
The Evidence Law recognises electronic records, correspondence and other electronic material, and Article 55 gives electronic proof the treatment of written evidence. Preserve complete messages, attachments and original records instead of relying only on selected screenshots.
Prepare a chronology linking the contract, delivery, objections, payments and remaining balance. If technical or accounting expertise is needed, define the question the expert should answer. Separate verified figures from assumptions, and disclose documents that may support the other party's position as well as your own.
Check any notice requirement before terminating the agreement or commencing a particular claim. Article 81 of the Commercial Transactions Law recognises several notification routes, including a notary, registered correspondence with acknowledgement, qualifying electronic methods and methods agreed by the parties. It does not make notarisation the sole route for every commercial notice. Specific procedural requirements must still be observed.
Articles 143 and 144 of the Civil Procedure Code prescribe a payment order procedure for qualifying rights established in writing and due for performance, including a specified monetary debt. The creditor must first demand payment and allow at least five days, using a prescribed service method. The application requires the debt instrument and evidence of the demand.
Ask counsel whether the actual claim meets those conditions. An invoice alone does not establish every disputed element, and adding compensation or interest does not automatically exclude the statutory procedure.
For reciprocal contracts governed by the current Civil Transactions Law, Article 234 permits a party, after placing the defaulting debtor on notice, to seek performance or rescission when the obligation is due and unperformed. The court's powers include allowing performance or time and refusing rescission in the circumstances specified by the provision. Compensation may also be awarded where justified.
An agreed automatic termination clause requires separate analysis. Article 235 states that such an agreement does not dispense with notice unless the parties expressly agreed to waive it. A contractual trigger should not be treated as permission to ignore the rest of the clause or the applicable law.
Calculate losses by reference to evidence. An agreed damages figure does not guarantee recovery of that full amount: Article 340 permits judicial adjustment on stated grounds, including an excessive estimate or partial performance. Explain the alleged breach, resulting loss and amounts already recovered.
Article 92 addresses claims between merchants concerning their commercial obligations. Upon denial and without a lawful excuse, such claims are generally not heard after five years from the due date, unless a shorter statutory period applies. This is not a universal deadline for every business dispute. The claim's classification and any relevant interruption or other statutory rule require review.
Tell counsel about any immediate risk to assets or evidence. Under Article 18 of the federal Arbitration Law, court ordered interim or protective measures can be available for existing or prospective arbitration. Seeking those measures does not itself waive the arbitration agreement. Their availability depends on the application and applicable requirements.
A settlement should identify the payment obligations, dates, security if agreed and consequences of default. Confirm the signatories' authority and whether the agreement should be recorded through a procedure that makes it directly enforceable.
Article 212 of the Civil Procedure Code recognises specified enforcement instruments, including judgments, orders and court approved settlement records. A private exchange of promises should not be assumed to have the same status.
Arbitral awards also require the appropriate enforcement process. Articles 53 and 55 of the federal Arbitration Law address challenges on prescribed grounds and ratification and enforcement. The merits decision and actual recovery of money remain separate stages.
Request advice that identifies the strongest claim or defence, missing evidence and appropriate forum. Agree which work is included in the engagement and how expert, translation and enforcement costs will be handled. A clear scope helps the business make informed decisions as the dispute develops.
No. An effective arbitration agreement may determine the route, and negotiation or an appropriate settlement procedure may resolve the matter. Check the contract and applicable jurisdiction before starting proceedings.
They can be relevant electronic evidence. Their authenticity, completeness, context and the applicable legal or contractual requirements still matter. Preserve the original records and associated attachments.
No. Enforcement requires an appropriate instrument and procedure, while actual recovery also depends on available assets and competing rights. Consider enforcement when planning the claim, not only after judgment.
Bring the complete agreement and amendments, authority documents, invoices, delivery and acceptance records, payment evidence and full correspondence. Include any notice, filed claim or order, and a chronology identifying deadlines, disputed figures and the outcome the business needs.
Specify the obligations, amounts, dates, any agreed security and consequences of default. Confirm the signatories’ authority, which claims are resolved and the procedure needed for the intended enforcement status before signing.
Dr. Hassan Elhais is a Senior Legal Consultant at Amal Al Rashedi Lawyers and Legal Consultants in Dubai. He advises on UAE family, civil, commercial and criminal law matters.
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